Working at height: safety rules every tradesperson must know

Working at height causes more deaths in the construction industry than anything else. According to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), falls from height account for around a third of all fatal injuries to workers in Great Britain each year. For tradespeople who spend time on roofs, scaffolding, ladders, and platforms, understanding the rules is not optional. Ensuring your safety and that of your colleagues is paramount. By following established guidelines and using appropriate equipment, you can significantly reduce the risk of accidents and injuries while working at height.

The Work at Height Regulations 2005

The main legislation is the Work at Height Regulations 2005, which applies to all work where a person could fall and injure themselves. There is no minimum height threshold. If you could fall and hurt yourself, the regulations apply. This means that whether you're standing on a ladder to change a light bulb or working on a high-rise building, the same principles and safety measures must be adhered to. Understanding these regulations is essential for anyone involved in jobs that require working at height.

The hierarchy of control

You must follow a hierarchy of control when planning work at height: first avoid work at height where possible; second prevent falls using collective protection such as scaffolding with guardrails; third minimise consequences of a fall using personal fall protection (harnesses and lanyards) where collective protection is not practicable. It's about using the right equipment and safety measures for the job at hand. For instance, if scaffolding can be used, it should be the first choice over ladders for extended work. The aim is to eliminate or mitigate the risks associated with working at height.

Using ladders legally

Ladders are appropriate for short-duration work where the risk is low. HSE guidance says ladders are suitable where: the work is of short duration (generally less than 30 minutes at a time); the work is light and does not require both hands free simultaneously; the risk assessment shows a ladder is proportionate. When using a ladder: secure it at the top or have someone foot it at the bottom; ensure it rises at least 1 metre above the landing point; position it at a 75-degree angle (one out for every four up); inspect it before use; never over-reach.

It's also critical to select the right type of ladder for the job. For example, a step ladder may be appropriate for indoor work, while an extension ladder might be needed for outdoor tasks. Always check the ladder's condition before use. Look for any signs of damage, such as bent rungs or damaged feet, which could compromise its stability. Regular maintenance and checks can prevent accidents and ensure your ladder is reliable every time you use it.

Scaffolding requirements

Scaffolding must be erected, altered, and dismantled by a competent person. Key requirements include: guardrails at least 950mm high on all open sides; intermediate guardrails so no gap exceeds 470mm; toe boards at least 150mm high; safe access and egress; inspection by a competent person before first use, after any stability event, and at least every seven days; inspection records kept. It is crucial to ensure that scaffolding is erected on firm ground and is stable. Any movement or leaning could indicate a serious issue that needs immediate attention.

In addition to structural requirements, consider environmental factors and site conditions. Poor weather, such as heavy rain or strong winds, can increase risks significantly. Scaffolding should be designed to withstand these conditions, but additional precautions may be necessary during adverse weather. Communication with all team members about the state of scaffolding and any changes observed should be clear and ongoing throughout the project.

Mobile Elevated Work Platforms (MEWPs)

Cherry pickers, boom lifts, and scissor lifts operators must be trained, normally holding an IPAF certificate. Before use: check ground conditions; carry out a pre-use inspection; wear a harness attached to the anchor point inside the platform; never lean over the guard rails. These platforms are incredibly useful for reaching high or awkward places but come with their own set of risks. Understanding the machine's load limits and operational guidelines is essential to maintain safety during use.

MEWPs should be regularly inspected and maintained according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Faulty or poorly maintained equipment can lead to accidents, so regular checks are non-negotiable. In addition, operators should be aware of their surroundings at all times. Overhead obstacles such as power lines can pose deadly hazards if not correctly accounted for during planning and operation.

Roof work

For roof work, you need edge protection when working near a roof edge; roof ladders or crawling boards on pitched roofs; covers or barriers over roof lights and openings; signs warning of fragile surfaces. Do not assume a surface will bear your weight. Check before you step on any unfamiliar roof surface. Even flat roofs can have weak points, such as around drains or vents, that are not immediately apparent. Doing a thorough inspection before starting work can avert serious incidents.

Each roof is different, and understanding the specific hazards of the roof you're working on is vital. Fragile roof surfaces, such as those made of asbestos cement or certain types of tiles, require particular care. Always use appropriate safety measures like safety nets or harness systems. Furthermore, having an emergency plan in place is critical. Knowing what to do if someone falls or if weather conditions change suddenly can save lives.

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Where collective measures are not enough, personal fall protection equipment must be used. Harnesses must be attached to a suitable anchor point. Lanyards must be the right length to prevent hitting the ground if you fall. All PPE must be inspected before each use and have a thorough examination at least every 12 months. Records of inspections must be kept. This ensures that equipment is in good condition and ready to provide protection when needed.

Wearing the correct PPE is not just a regulatory requirement, it is a basic safety measure that can protect you in case of an accident. Helmets, gloves, and boots also play a significant role in overall safety when working at height. It’s not just about preventing falls but also protecting yourself from falling objects or environmental hazards. Every piece of equipment has its purpose, and using them together provides a comprehensive safety net.

Competence and training

You must be competent to work at height. For most trades, this means formal training (PASMA for mobile towers, IPAF for MEWPs) combined with on-the-job experience. If you send workers to work at height, check their competence before they start. Competence is a blend of training, experience, and understanding of the specific job requirements. Regular refresher courses can help keep skills sharp and up-to-date with the latest safety practices and technologies.

Training should not be seen as a one-off event. As technology and techniques develop, so too should your knowledge and skills. Workshops, seminars, and industry events are excellent ways to stay informed. Encouraging a culture of continuous learning within your team can lead to safer work environments and more efficient work processes.

Risk assessments

Under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, you must carry out a risk assessment before work at height begins. A risk assessment should cover: the nature and duration of work; equipment chosen and why; condition of the structure; weather conditions; emergency procedures. Do not work at height in high winds or icy conditions. These assessments are foundational documents that guide the entire project, helping to identify potential hazards and the steps necessary to mitigate them.

Good risk assessments are dynamic documents. They should evolve as the project progresses and new information comes to light. Regular reviews and updates to the risk assessment are imperative, especially if the scope of the work changes or new hazards are identified. Involving all team members in the assessment process can also provide valuable insights and foster a collective commitment to safety.

Emergency planning and response

Even with all safety measures in place, accidents can still happen. Having an emergency plan is essential for reducing the impact of such events. Every team member should be familiar with the emergency procedures, and regular drills should be conducted to ensure everyone knows their role. Quick and efficient responses can make a significant difference in outcomes during accidents.

The emergency plan should include details on how to quickly summon help, first aid procedures, and how to safely evacuate the area if needed. Make sure emergency contact numbers are easily accessible and that all equipment necessary for dealing with emergencies, such as first aid kits and rescue equipment, is readily available and in good condition.

FAQ

Is there a minimum height before working at height regulations apply?

No. The Work at Height Regulations 2005 apply whenever someone could fall and injure themselves, regardless of height. This means that safety measures must be in place for any job where there is a risk of falling, even if it seems trivial. Always assess the risks and plan accordingly.

Can I use a ladder for roof work?

A ladder can be used to access a roof but should not be relied on as a working platform for extended roof work. You need edge protection, roof ladders, and, depending on the job, scaffolding. Always prioritise more stable and secure methods for longer-term tasks.

Do I need a qualification to use a tower scaffold?

PASMA training is the accepted standard of competence to erect and use a mobile access tower. It will be required by most principal contractors. This training ensures that you understand how to safely use and assemble the equipment, reducing the risk of accidents.

Who is responsible for scaffolding safety on my job?

If you have scaffolding erected for your project, you are responsible for ensuring it is properly erected and inspected before use and at least every seven days while in use. This responsibility includes ensuring the competence of those involved in erection and inspection.

What should I do if I spot unsafe working at height?

Raise it with the site manager immediately. If there is an imminent risk of serious injury, report it to the HSE. Ignoring unsafe practices can lead to severe consequences. By taking action, you contribute to a safer working environment for everyone involved.